I guess it depends on what you mean by "quickly". The images are unpacked into the AssemblyCache under the user's profile.
Win7 example:
AppData\Local\ESRI\Desktop10.0\AssemblyCache\{3E0AB950-82E4-BF00-EA51-9FC591749394}\Images
I get the directory with something like this:
string dirpath = Path.Combine(Path.GetDirectoryName(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location),"Images")
And then you can use normal .NET file IO to access the files. And these would be the files in visual studio that have a build action of AddInContent.
You can also add files with a build action as Embedded Resource and get it with GetManifestResourceStream:
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/278838/visual-studio-how-to-store-an-image-resource-as-an-embedded-resource/483891#483891
There might be other methods, but the two above are what I've used (I guess 3 of you count resources).