Assuming you already have a raster object available in your code:
RasterLayer rlayer = new RasterLayerClass();
rlayer.CreateFromRaster(raster);
rlayer.Name = "My new raster Layer";
IMxDocument doc = m_application.Document as IMxDocument;
IMap map = doc.FocusMap;
map.AddLayer(rlayer);
m_application is of type IApplication and is a reference to your ArcMap instance.
It works quite similar for any feature class. Just create an object of the corrensping layer type, set the feature class to display and add the layer object to the map:
FeatureLayer featLayer = new FeatureLayerClass();
featLayer.FeatureClass = myFeatureClass;
featLayer.Name = "My new feature layer";
IMxDocument doc = m_application.Document as IMxDocument;
doc.FocusMap.AddLayer(featLayer);