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Is it possible to access GPS data in real time on a smartphone with JavaScript (without an android or ios application I mean)?

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Yes. You are looking for the Geolocation API, here's a simple demo. Here is sample code from Dive Into HTML5 and HTML Rocks. Works great from web pages hosted on iOS and Android phones, it's a simple API to use. Strictly speaking it's not GPS; it's a generic location API. On mobile devices like iPhones location is often provided by WiFi or cell tower fixes and not the GPS radio.

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Thanks for the answer! So, there is no way to force GPS radio location? – nippo Nov 17 '12 at 21:27
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Not via the GeoLocation API, no. Also it doesn't provide GPS-specific information like satellite signal strength, etc. – Nelson Nov 17 '12 at 21:44
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I've used solution, where Java applet was reading NMEA GPS data from serial port and wrote it to browser's global variable - where it was accessible to JavaScript. It worked well on laptop and regular browser, not sure, how it would work on smartphone.

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