I recently accomplished almost exactly what you describe using ArcGIS (JavaScript API), ArcGIS Server 10.2 (this controls the administration and edit tracking), and PostGRESQL. I originally used this (outdated) Flex API example as a template. In this example, the user logs in and creates some features with related attribute information. These features are then stored in the database along with information related to the specific user.
Do you have an ArcGIS Server license? This is a key component as it hosts your feature services and acts as the bridge between your database and the front-end web mapping interface.
GeoServer is a free alternative to ArcGIS Server, but the learning curve is a bit steeper.