I think you should have a look at ESRI's new ArcGIS Earth. It is also a free application, and is in many ways comparable to Google Earth, albeit the display of some of the imagery not as sharp and detailed as in Google Earth.
However, the great thing about ArcGIS Earth is that you can very easily add, and overlay, any WM(T)S service on top of the globe, which seems what you intend to do. It doesn't involve pre-downloading tiles, you just add the service and can start exploring the globe including the overlay right away...
ArcGIS Earth:
http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis-earth
By the way, the link you posted is from an ArcGIS Server Web Service, which isn't entirely equivalent to a standard OGC service. Of course, ArcGIS Earth can consume this, as it is an ESRI ArcGIS service.
I have successfully added the URL you supplied to Earth. To do this yourself:
- Download and install ArcGIS Earth
- Open the app
- Click the "+" button in the top left
- The dialog as visible in the first image attached to this post becomes visible. Click on the "Enter a URL" TAB on the top of the window.
- For "Type" choose "An ArcGIS Server Web Service"
- Now enter the URL as:
https://gis1.usgs.gov/arcgis/rest/services/gap/PADUS_Owner/MapServer
- The layer "PADUS_Owner" should now become visible under "Layer" in the dialog
- Click OK, the layer will be added. Notice it was successfully overlayed on the globe, as can be seen in the second image in this post

