Using the integer field you created from your previous question, you can sort the Attribute Table depending on the field by going to:
Item properties > Main properties > Attributes...
Edit:
I can think of a couple of options. The first is to create a virtual field using the answers from your previous question. This is only saved in the project file and not the shapefile itself.
Another method is to add a new field to the Attribute Table from the Print Composer which saves you from adding it to the layer itself and lets you sort your table. To do this:
Go to:
Item properties > Main properties > Attributes...
Then click the 'plus' button to add a new column:

Highlight the first box in the new row and click the epsilon button:

Use an expression like:
to_int(regexp_substr("TXT", 'ER (.*)'))
Then click OK. The expression will be shown as a heading for the field but you can rename this or set it empty if you so wish.
Then from the Sorting tab, choose the field name with the expression, select how you wish to order it and then click the plus button.

- Finall click OK and hopefully your table will include this new field and be sorted accordingly.