I need to update a dozen of attributes to x for all features that have a value of y in an other attribute.
Is there a way to update more than one attribute at once in field calculator?
The Field Calculator will only update one field at a time when run through its tool dialog.
To update multiple fields you could create a tool in ModelBuilder or ArcPy that runs the Calculate Field tool once for each field.
Alternatively, using an arcpy.da.UpdateCursor() would be the way that I would choose to do it.