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What I have: A large TIFF covering parts of several contiguous sheets of the British OS 6 inch first edition. It has no georeferencing. It's just a series of scans which someone has stitched together (actually gdal_transform extracted it from a larger .ecw)

A number of scans of original sheets. These are also plain scans with no georeferencing but they do have latitudes & longtitudes along the borders so I can read off the corner coordinates in DMS.

I assume that the projection of all this data will be close to if not identical to the current OS projection.

What I want to achieve: The large TIFF properly georeferenced so it can be used as a basis for georeferencing various tithe maps.

How I expected to go about it: Set the existing CRS of one of the scanned original sheets to OSGB70 which, as far as I can see is the OS projection using lat/long, fire up the georeferencer, set GCPs at each corner, set the output to OSGB70 & run the transform. Repeat for other sheets. Using these georeferenced sheets pick off GCPs for features on the big map to use the georeferencer to georeference this.

What happened: A grossly distorted map was produced. I think I can see what the problem is; the original is in the OS projection but its CRS is purely pixels & the georeferencer treated it as degrees. But what do I set as the initial CRS to set up the correct transform?

TIA

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Ah, I've done some of this. Probably the best way of georeferencing old Ordnance Survey 6" maps is to use OS Grid coordinates (not grid references and definitely not lat/lon). If your map images are true, undistorted scans you might, with luck, be able to do this using just two points.

What I normally do is find two features on the map that still exist today, road junctions are good for this. Ideally, one of the features will be near (say) the bottom left corner of the map and the other will near to the top right corner of the map. You will now need the OS grid coordinates for these two points. You can do this by finding each feature in Google Earth. Zoom in on a feature and note its latitude and longitude, then do the same for the second feature. Then convert the lat/lon coordinates to OS grid coordinates using an on-line coordinate converter. The OS web site has one of these, but there are several others, this one for example. Just to remind you again, the coordinates have to be full six-figure eastings and full six-figure northings.

Georeference the map using the two coordinates, set the georeferencer to use Helmert and Linear, and set the Target SRS to EPSG:27700.

Oh, and shout if you have problems.

Added later: Thinking about it, on-line coordinate converters are a pain, you can use QGIS to do the conversions for you. In QGIS go Settings -> Custom CRS..., which will pop up a box like that shown in the picture. Ignore the top half. Copy the text shown below into the "Parameters" field:

+proj=tmerc +lat_0=49 +lon_0=-2 +k=0.9996012717 +x_0=400000 +y_0=-100000 +ellps=airy +datum=OSGB36 +units=m +no_defs

Then enter the latitude from Google Earth into the "North" field and the longitude into the "East" field. Then press "Calculate", which will give the the full OS eastings and northings for the point. Ignore the commas.

enter image description here

In the example shown 471505.0083 is the easting (x) and 175224.7406 is the northing (y). For the chimney pot on my house, round these off to the nearest metre.

N.

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    Road Intersections are good but keep in mind upgraded roads (A303 has been upgraded over 500 times over the last 30 years) but should be suffice to reference the tiff. – Mapperz♦ Oct 3 '12 at 17:55
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    True, of course. I was thinking of little country roads, I should have made that clear. The corners of old buildings, churches &c. can be handy too. N. – nhopton Oct 3 '12 at 18:19
  • Thanks @nhopton. It's been an interesting experience. I made several passes at this. The first was to use the converter above to use the lat/long for the corners as printed. The rationale is that it gives the longest baseline even if the map has no useful features in the corner, especially if the corner falls into a different county & the map is blank. The output was somewhat rotated & distorted & the coordinates of the corners were changed. This seems to indicate that the original projection was some way off EPSG:27700. – Ian Goddard Oct 5 '12 at 15:48
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    The next attempts used Google Maps as suggested above & Streetmap. Streetmap provides cross-hairs which are easier to position but at higher zoom drops down to the OS vector material which has less choice of targets. They gave more or less the same lat/long results allowing for positioning errors. But SM also gives 6-digit OS Grid coordinates which are different from those given by the calculator. Clearly they use different parameters. The final approach was to use the OpenLayers plugin with Google as the canvas & use the coordinate from canvas method of the georeferencer. It's much easier. – Ian Goddard Oct 5 '12 at 16:00
  • @Mapperz. This is a significant issue. As one of the objectives is to track changes in features one has to be very careful not to latch onto features which have changed. And a lot have in a century & a half. – Ian Goddard Oct 5 '12 at 16:03

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