Using the QGIS field calculator you can create an expression on a Time
type field, with the speed as a variable. Changing the speed and re-calculating the expression will adjust the times accordingly. For the example I used 14 m/s (approx 50 km/h) as the initial speed and 20:00 as an arbitrary start time, the points are 250 m apart (created with the Points along Geometry tool on a line. The tool automatically adds a distance
column to the point layer).
Assuming distance is meters and speed is meters per second:
with_variable('speed', 14, -- set the speed variable
with_variable('start_time', make_time(20, 0 ,0), -- set a start time variable
CASE
WHEN "distance" = 0
THEN @start_time -- input the start time at zero distance
ELSE @start_time + to_interval(to_string("distance" / @speed) || ' seconds') -- add the elapsed interval (distance/speed) to the start time and calculate the remaining rows
END
)
)

Change speed to 20 m/s:

Note: for the labels in the images, I removed the milliseconds component from the time.
shapefile
which only supports day resolution in date fields.