Your code is working for me without problem. I've try it in the QGIS python console.

When i run it with a first start and end point, i get the red line in the cable layer then i run the script with others start and end point and i get the yellow line added in the same layer.
[![enter image description here][4]][4]


and what i get in the attribute table (length and geom calculate with the field calculator) [![enter image description here][5]][5]

I just remove the part of the code using QgsRubberBand as it was useless. 
The code I used:

    from PyQt4.QtCore import *
    from PyQt4.QtGui import *
    from qgis.core import *
    from qgis.gui import *
    from qgis.networkanalysis import *
    
    #building the graph**
    vl = qgis.utils.iface.mapCanvas().currentLayer()
    director = QgsLineVectorLayerDirector(vl, -1, '', '', '', 3)
    properter = QgsDistanceArcProperter()
    director.addProperter(properter)
    crs = qgis.utils.iface.mapCanvas().mapRenderer().destinationCrs()
    builder = QgsGraphBuilder(crs)
    
    #coordinates of the Start point and endPoint** 
    pStart = QgsPoint(-1.041,0.916)
    pStop = QgsPoint(-0.813,0.152)
    tiedPoints = director.makeGraph(builder, [pStart, pStop])
    graph = builder.graph()
    
    #Calculation of the shortest path**    
    tStart = tiedPoints[0]
    tStop = tiedPoints[1]
    
    idStart = graph.findVertex(tStart)
    idStop = graph.findVertex(tStop)
    
    (tree, cost) = QgsGraphAnalyzer.dijkstra(graph, idStart, 0)
    
    if tree[idStop] == -1:
      print "Path not found"
    else:
      p = []
      curPos = idStop
      while curPos != idStart:
        pnt = graph.vertex(graph.arc(tree[curPos]).inVertex()).point()
    
        p.append(pnt)
    
        curPos = graph.arc(tree[curPos]).outVertex()
    
      p.append(tStart)
    
     #I build here a polyline based on the points in the p[] array
    geom = QgsGeometry.fromPolyline(p)
    
    
     # I add here my result in a memory layer called cable and i want to do it for every feature i get after transforming the qgsrubberband object     
    
    v_layer = None
    for layer in QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().mapLayers().values():
       if layer.name() == 'cable':
            v_layer = layer
    if v_layer is None: 
        v_layer = QgsVectorLayer("LineString", "cable", "memory")
        v_layer.addAttribute(QgsField("id", QVariant.String))
        v_layer.addAttribute(QgsField("type", QVariant.String))
        QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().addMapLayers([v_layer])
    
    pr = v_layer.dataProvider()
    v_layer.startEditing()
    
    
    seg = QgsFeature()
    seg.setGeometry(geom)
    pr.addFeatures( [seg] )
    
    
    v_layer.commitChanges()


  [1]: https://i.sstatic.net/wGLsX.png
  [2]: https://i.sstatic.net/Bf9az.png
  [3]: https://i.sstatic.net/ccMWW.png
  [4]: https://i.sstatic.net/IeNzk.png
  [5]: https://i.sstatic.net/KqSO6.png