You can directly produce features of concentric buffers as polygons by using **linspace** method from **numpy** python module. As you have in your attributes table 1440 features, I know that, in your case, polygon sides number is 360 for each one of your concentric buffers. Algorithm for extracting points for each polygon features is easily inferred; as it can be observed in following PyQGIS code.  

    import numpy as np
     
    bufferLength1 = 1000
    bufferLength2 = 2000
    bufferLength3 = 3000
    bufferLength4 = 4000
    polygonSides = 360
    
    pt = QgsPointXY(364067.6920850627, 4426289.212155256)
     
    pts1 = [ QgsPointXY(point[0] + np.sin(angle)*bufferLength1, pt[1] + np.cos(angle)*bufferLength1)
                        for angle in np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, polygonSides, endpoint = False) ]
    
    pts2 = [ QgsPointXY(point[0] + np.sin(angle)*bufferLength2, pt[1] + np.cos(angle)*bufferLength2)
                        for angle in np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, polygonSides, endpoint = False) ]
    
    pts3 = [ QgsPointXY(point[0] + np.sin(angle)*bufferLength3, pt[1] + np.cos(angle)*bufferLength3)
                        for angle in np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, polygonSides, endpoint = False) ]
    
    pts4 = [ QgsPointXY(point[0] + np.sin(angle)*bufferLength4, pt[1] + np.cos(angle)*bufferLength4)
                        for angle in np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, polygonSides, endpoint = False) ]
    
    n = len(pts1)
    
    geom_feats = []
    
    for i in range(n-1):
        geom_feats.append(QgsGeometry.fromPolygonXY([[pts1[i], pts1[i+1], pt]]).asWkt())
        
    geom_feats.append(QgsGeometry.fromPolygonXY([[pts1[n-1], pts1[0], pt]]).asWkt())
    
    for i in range(n-1):
        geom_feats.append(QgsGeometry.fromPolygonXY([[pts2[i], pts2[i+1], pts1[i+1], pts1[i]]]).asWkt())
    
    geom_feats.append(QgsGeometry.fromPolygonXY([[pts2[n-1], pts2[0], pts1[0], pts1[n-1]]]).asWkt())
    
    for i in range(n-1):
        geom_feats.append(QgsGeometry.fromPolygonXY([[pts3[i], pts3[i+1], pts2[i+1], pts2[i]]]).asWkt())
    
    geom_feats.append(QgsGeometry.fromPolygonXY([[pts3[n-1], pts3[0], pts2[0], pts2[n-1]]]).asWkt())
    
    for i in range(n-1):
        geom_feats.append(QgsGeometry.fromPolygonXY([[pts4[i], pts4[i+1], pts3[i+1], pts3[i]]]).asWkt())
    
    geom_feats.append(QgsGeometry.fromPolygonXY([[pts4[n-1], pts4[0], pts3[0], pts3[n-1]]]).asWkt())
    
    epsg = 32612
     
    uri = "Polygon?crs=epsg:" + str(epsg) + "&field=id:integer""&index=yes"
     
    mem_layer = QgsVectorLayer(uri,
                               'concentric_buffer',
                               'memory')
     
    prov = mem_layer.dataProvider()
    
    feats = [ QgsFeature() for i in range(len(geom_feats)) ]
    
    for i, feat in enumerate(feats):
        feat.setAttributes([i])
        feat.setGeometry(QgsGeometry.fromWkt(geom_feats[i]))
    
    prov.addFeatures(feats)
    
    QgsProject.instance().addMapLayer(mem_layer)

I ran above code for an arbitrary point with length buffer of 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 meters (EPSG: 32612 projection). The result it can be observed in following image where I selected the 10 last features. On the other hand, missed information it can be easily recovered because you can apply geometry functions (area, perimeter, etc) in each feature by using field calculator. 

In your case, you can not keep the original attribute values with polygonize processing toolbox because each polygon feature was produced combining four LineStrings with four different ids. Polygonize tool can't handle this. If you want to control initial information you need a more elaborate script with PyQGIS but, with LineStrings, it is more difficult than with points (as in my script). However, these information can be obtained by using field calculator in final multipolygon. 

[![enter image description here][1]][1]


  [1]: https://i.sstatic.net/jzxnH.jpg