I've been looking at some various ways to calculate geodesics. One particularly good site collecting load of helpful information, is [this one](http://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/latlong-vincenty.html). There you can also find a link to [a map](https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/scripts/geod-google.html) that shows a circle whose geodesic radius is accurately calculated by the WGS84 ellipsoidal approximation. In the resulting map, there are some additional info presented (as red arcs), called `envelope`. I'm struggling to understand what these are and what exactly they represent. The only partially useful resource I can find is from [this](https://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/about-us/departmental-art/quadric-surfaces/envelopes-geodesics-ellipsoids) website, but looking at the faint lines drawn on 2D image of a stone, does not enlighten anyone, especially as you cannot rotate the images, to see where those lines goes, and intersects. [![enter image description here][1]][1] OR from another calculation: [![enter image description here][2]][2] From the website, the [description](https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/scripts/geod-google-instructions.html) only say: > The geodesic envelopes as red curves; all the geodesics emanating from > lat1, lon1 are tangent to the envelopes (providing they are extended > far enough). The number of solutions to the inverse problem changes > depending on whether lat2, lon2 lies inside the envelopes. For > example, there are four (resp. two) approximately hemispheroidal > geodesics if this point lies inside (resp. outside) the inner envelope > (only one of which is a shortest path). **Q: How can I better understand what those red arcs represent?** 1. Why are they useful on this picture? 2. How are they generated? I'm more of a visual person, seeking a visual explanation, rather than a purely verbal description. [1]: https://i.sstatic.net/PhNVC.png [2]: https://i.sstatic.net/dJzGa.png