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user2856
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Check your GDAL version. Raster support was only added to the GDAL OpenFileGDB driver in version 3.7.

To check, either:

  • In QGIS, click Help -> About enter image description here

    enter image description here

  • Or in a terminal, run the command gdalinfo --version

    $ gdalinfo --version
    GDAL 3.4.1, released 2021/12/27   <== No raster support
    
    $ gdalinfo --version
    GDAL 3.8.5, released 2024/04/02   <== Yes raster support
    

So for the above QGIS/gdalinfo examples, only the 2nd ones would be able to read raster data.

Note:

I use the classical method (Add vector layer, directory, gdb database

That's the classic way to add vector data. If you want to add raster data, use the Add raster layer method.

user2856
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