There is the Raster Calculator Documentation file and this Tutorial which give some information and examples. I am not positive, but I believe the Raster Calculator is 'what you see is what you get' in terms of functionality. There is a plugin available called RasterCalc that provides more functions (compared to the default Raster Calculator - not equal, for example) using both buttons and functions only available by typing them in, as noted at the link.
Some of your other questions may be more general in nature as to how raster calculation works and not the specific tool (ie projections, differing cell sizes and extents, etc.). Null values may also fall in that category - there is another question here on SE related to that: How to change null values raster values to 0 in QGIS? Clipping to a polygon layer could be something also known as a mask but it looks like the two options above only mask by values. There is a tool for it though.